Analisis Teologis-Kritis terhadap Teori Anonymous Christians Karl Rahner dan Implementasinya bagi Gereja Masa Kini
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61295/kalanea.v7i1.205Keywords:
Anonymous Christians, inclusivism, interfaith dialogue, Karl RahnerAbstract
This article focuses on highlighting the theory of Anonymous Christians developed by Karl Rahner. This theory states that a person can attain salvation even if they do not explicitly identify themselves as a Christian. This concept emphasizes that God's grace works universally and transcends the boundaries of formal religion. Rahner combines Catholic Thomistic thought with existentialist philosophy to emphasize that humans have an inherent openness to God. The strengths and weaknesses of this theory present an interesting area for research. This study uses critical analysis methods to explore the relevance of this theory in relation to religious pluralism, secularization, and the challenges of globalization. The research findings indicate that the theory of Anonymous Christians remains relevant in fostering interfaith dialogue and social harmony in the modern era. This article emphasizes that the Church can use this concept as a basis for a more dialogic evangelization mission, strengthening interreligious tolerance, and responding to the dynamics of religious life in the digital era. This theory, in itself, shifts the understanding of salvation from an exclusive understanding to a more inclusive concept of salvation, and has received criticism from groups that view salvation exclusively.
References
Abeam, E. D. (2021). The ‘Supernatural Existential’in the Foundations of Christian Faith of Karl Rahner. Universidade Catolica Portuguesa (Portugal).
Absalom, L. K., Kaka, B., & Tanhidy, J. (2022). Menyikapi Isu Kesetaraan Gender di Indonesia dalam Perspektif Imago Dei. Jurnal Kala Nea, 3(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.61295/kalanea.v3i1.88
Bakir, M. (2018). Menelusuri Sekularisme dalam Konteks Keberagamaan. AT-TURAS: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 5(1), 82–96. https://doi.org/10.33650/at-turas.v5i1.325
Carey, J. (2018). Spiritual, but not religious?: On the nature of spirituality and its relation to religion. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, 83(3), 261–269. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11153-017-9648-8
Christoper, E., & Harisantoso, I. T. (2023). Pelayanan Diakonia Lintas Agama Berdasarkan Gagasan Karl Rahner Tentang Gereja Universal. VISIO DEI: JURNAL TEOLOGI KRISTEN, 5(1), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.35909/visiodei.v5i1.406
Crean, T. (2018). Jacques Maritain’s Anonymous Christianity. New Blackfriars, 99(1081), 287–297.
Crosson, J. B. (2018). The Impossibility of Liberal Secularism: Religious (In) tolerance, Spirituality, and Not-Religion. Method & Theory in the Study of Religion, 30(1), 37–55.
Farid, M., & Sos, M. (2021). Ruang Publik Dan Agama Masa Depan. Journal Ilmu Sosial, Politik Dan Pemerintahan, 2(2), 1–22.
Fata, A. K. (2021). Benarkah Semua Agama Sama? Debat Aktivis Islam Liberal vs Insists Tentang Pluralisme Agama. GUEPEDIA.
Hanafi, I. (2017). Eksklusivisme, InklusivismeE, dan Pluralisme: Membaca Pola Keberagamaan Umat Beriman. Al-Fikra?: Jurnal Ilmiah Keislaman, 10(2), 388. https://doi.org/10.24014/af.v10i2.3848
Lase, A. J., Manurung, M., Larissa, D., Nababan, P., & Waruwu, L. (2025). Buddhisme Dan Keselamatan Dari Peran Meditasi Dan Mencapai Ketenangan. Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial Dan Humaniora, 4(1), 1282–1289.
Latuapo, A. (2022). Masa Depan Pendidikan Agama Dan Tantangan Pluralisme Agama Dalam Ruang Publik Global. Edusaintek: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sains Dan Teknologi, 9(1), 135–155.
Lee, L. (2014). Secular or nonreligious? Investigating and interpreting generic ‘not religious’ categories and populations. Religion, 44(3), 466–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2014.904035
Lennan, R. (2022). Beyond “The Anonymous Christian”: Reconsidering Rahner on Grace and Salvation. Theological Studies, 83(3), 443–460. https://doi.org/10.1177/00405639221114646
Letedara, R. (2024). Worldview Hinduisme tentang Konsep Keselamatan Ditinjau dari Perspektif Kristen. SAINT PAUL’S REVIEW, 4(1), 66–79.
Manno, D. (2025). Gagalnya Pluralisme? Kajian Historis dan Teologis Menuju Paradigma Baru Moderasi Beragama. KHARISMATA: Jurnal Teologi Pantekosta, 8(1), 85–103. https://doi.org/10.47167/thntg378
Maringka, R., Pardosi, M. T., & Hendriks, A. (2023). Menyelami Allah Melalui Pengalaman:: Pemikiran Teologi Divinitas Karl Rahner. RELIGI: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama, 19(2), 160–172.
Marshall, J., & Olson, D. V. A. (2018). Is ‘spiritual but not religious’a replacement for religion or just one step on the path between religion and non-religion? Review of Religious Research, 60(4), 503–518. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1007/s13644-018-0342-9
Martasudjita, E. P. D. (2013). Hubungan Ekaristi Dengan Hidup Sehari-Hari Dalam Teologi Sakramental Karl Rahner. DISKURSUS - JURNAL FILSAFAT DAN TEOLOGI STF DRIYARKARA, 12(2), 278–301. https://doi.org/10.36383/diskursus.v12i2.108
Martasudjita, E. P. D. (2018). Pemahaman Sabda Pengampunan Allah Dalam Sakramen Tobat Menurut Karl Rahner. DISKURSUS - JURNAL FILSAFAT DAN TEOLOGI STF DRIYARKARA, 17(2), 147–176. https://doi.org/10.36383/diskursus.v17i2.251
Mausimkora, M. (2025). Perbandingan Konsep Keselamatan Menurut Hindu Dan Kristen: Suatu Pendekatan Penelitian Kualitatif Dengan Jenis Studi Komparatif [Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Satyabhakti]. https://www.neliti.com/publications/592600/perbandingan-konsep-keselamatan-menurut-hindu-dan-kristen-suatu-pendekatan-penel#cite
Muttaqin, Jamal, Kusuma, A. R., & Rahmadi, A. (2022). Menelaah Problem Teologis Dialog Antar Agama. Al-Adyan: Jurnal Studi Lintas Agama, 17(2), 269–299.
Pachoer, R. D. A. (2016). Sekularisasi dan Sekularisme Agama. Religious: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama Dan Lintas Budaya, 1(1), 91–102.
Pamusu, V. K. (2019). Signifikansi Gagasan Kristen Anonimus Karl Rahner Terhadap Konteks Kemajemukan Di Indonesia. Voice of Wesley: Jurnal Ilmiah Musik Dan Agama, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.36972/jvow.v1i1.5
Prabowo, G. A. D. I., Memenuhi, T. U., Syarat, S. S., Gelar, M., Magister, S., Teologi, P. F., Kristen, U., & Wacana, D. (2022). Perjalanan Dialogis Paul Francis Knitter Dan Relevansinya Bagi Pokok-Pokok Ajaran Gkj.
Salim, F. (2021). Kontribusi Doa Mistik Karl Rahner bagi Kalangan Reformed di Era Pascakebenaran. Indonesian Journal of Theology, 9(2), 168–194. https://doi.org/10.46567/ijt.v9i2.192
Suriawan, S. (2023). Misi Gereja Menghadapi Pluralisme Agama: Antara Tantangan Dan Peluang. MAGENANG: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Kristen, 4(1), 1–11.
Susanti, S. E. (2018). Konsep Keselamatan Dalam Al-Qur’an. HUMANISTIKA: Jurnal Keislaman, 4(2), 185–197.
Tanhidy, J. (2017). Praktik Metode Penginjilan Pada Mata Kuliah Metode Penginjilan STT Simpson Ungaran. Evangelikal: Jurnal Teologi Injili Dan Pembinaan Warga Jemaat, 1(1), 49–54. http://journal.sttsimpson.ac.id/index.php/EJTIISSN:2548-7868
Tanhidy, J., Panggarra, R., & Budiman, S. (2023). Implementation of Kingdom of God’s Ethic in the Book of Ecclesiastes in the Digital Age. Pharos Journal of Theology, 104(5). https://doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.104.511
Toleransi, K., & Tinenti, H. G. (2024). Ajaran Gereja Dan Teladan Tokoh Kitab Suci Sebagai Contoh. 24, 83–97.
Zamakhsari, A. (2020). Teologi Agama-Agama Tipologi Tripolar; Eksklusivisme, Inklusivisme Dan Kajian Pluralisme. Tsaqofah J. Agama Dan Budaya, 18(1), 35–51.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Barnabas, Busno, Marlies Dorien Grevers, Randa Kisara
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
